Reported cases
72
Controls
283
Women
41.7%
Cases distribution in 🇳🇬 Sokoto
| Variable | cases |
controls |
p-value 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, n (%) | 0.068 | ||
| 7-27 days | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.8%) | |
| 1-4 years | 17 (24%) | 28 (12%) | |
| 5-9 years | 33 (46%) | 110 (46%) | |
| 10-14 years | 22 (31%) | 97 (41%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 0 | 46 | |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.5 | ||
| Male | 42 (58%) | 152 (64%) | |
| Female | 30 (42%) | 84 (35%) | |
| Unknown | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 0 | 46 | |
| 1
Fisher’s exact test |
|||
| Variable | cases |
controls |
p-value 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fever, n (%) | 21 (29%) | 7 (3.3%) | <0.001 |
| Missing/Unknown | 0 | 70 | |
| Sweating or chills (day or night), n (%) | 1 (1.4%) | 5 (2.5%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 3 | 85 | |
| Any problem of gastrointestinal tract, n (%) | 45 (63%) | 4 (2.1%) | <0.001 |
| Missing/Unknown | 0 | 88 | |
| Abdominal distention, n (%) | 44 (98%) | 4 (100%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 27 | 279 | |
| Vomiting, n (%) | 23 (51%) | 4 (100%) | 0.12 |
| Missing/Unknown | 27 | 279 | |
| Diarrhoea, n (%) | 15 (34%) | 4 (100%) | 0.020 |
| Missing/Unknown | 28 | 279 | |
| Blood in stool, n (%) | 2 (4.5%) | 0 (0%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 28 | 279 | |
| Pale stool, n (%) | 1 (2.3%) | 0 (0%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 28 | 279 | |
| Abdominal pain, n (%) | 42 (93%) | 4 (100%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 27 | 279 | |
| Loss of appetite, n (%) | 19 (42%) | 0 (0%) | 0.15 |
| Missing/Unknown | 27 | 279 | |
| Excessive salivation, n (%) | 1 (2.3%) | 0 (0%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 28 | 279 | |
| Any neurological problems, n (%) | |||
| No | 70 (100%) | 196 (100%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 2 | 87 | |
| Altered level of consciousness, n (%) | |||
| No | 2 (100%) | 0 (NA%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 70 | 283 | |
| Seizures, n (%) | |||
| No | 1 (100%) | 0 (NA%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 71 | 283 | |
| Any muscle or bone problem, n (%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.3 |
| Missing/Unknown | 2 | 87 | |
| Muscle cramps, n (%) | |||
| No | 1 (100%) | 0 (NA%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 71 | 283 | |
| Fatigue or malaise, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 1 (100%) | 0 (NA%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 71 | 283 | |
| Muscle pain or aching, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 1 (100%) | 0 (NA%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 71 | 283 | |
| Any chest problem, n (%) | 4 (5.7%) | 2 (1.0%) | 0.042 |
| Missing/Unknown | 2 | 85 | |
| Cough, n (%) | 2 (50%) | 0 (NA%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 68 | 283 | |
| ...with sputum, n (%) | 1 (50%) | 0 (NA%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 70 | 283 | |
| ...with blood, n (%) | |||
| No | 2 (100%) | 0 (NA%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 70 | 283 | |
| Breathlessness, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 2 (100%) | 0 (NA%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 70 | 283 | |
| Wheeze, n (%) | 3 (75%) | 0 (NA%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 68 | 283 | |
| Any ear, nose or throat problem, n (%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.3 |
| Missing/Unknown | 1 | 88 | |
| Pain in mouth, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 1 (100%) | 0 (NA%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 71 | 283 | |
| Sore throat, n (%) | |||
| No | 1 (100%) | 0 (NA%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 71 | 283 | |
| Runny nose, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 1 (100%) | 0 (NA%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 71 | 283 | |
| Swallowing problem, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 1 (100%) | 0 (NA%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 71 | 283 | |
| Difficult swallow, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 1 (100%) | 0 (NA%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 71 | 283 | |
| Painful swallow, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 1 (100%) | 0 (NA%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 71 | 283 | |
| Any eye problem, n (%) | |||
| No | 70 (100%) | 194 (100%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 2 | 89 | |
| Pain or redness in the eye, n (%) | |||
| No | 1 (100%) | 0 (NA%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 71 | 283 | |
| 1
Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test |
|||
Antibiotics use
56.9%
| Variable | Prevalence | Percentage | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Any problem of gastrointestinal tract | 45 |
62.5%
|
45 / 72 |
| Abdominal distention | 44 |
97.8%
|
44 / 45 |
| Abdominal pain | 42 |
93.3%
|
42 / 45 |
| Vomiting | 23 |
51.1%
|
23 / 45 |
| Fever | 21 |
29.2%
|
21 / 72 |
| Loss of appetite | 19 |
42.2%
|
19 / 45 |
| Diarrhoea | 15 |
33.3%
|
15 / 45 |
| Any chest problem | 4 |
5.6%
|
4 / 72 |
| Wheeze | 3 |
75%
|
3 / 4 |
| Blood in stool | 2 |
4.4%
|
2 / 45 |
| Cough | 2 |
50%
|
2 / 4 |
| Breathlessness | 2 |
100%
|
2 / 2 |
| Sweating or chills (day or night) | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| Pale stool | 1 |
2.2%
|
1 / 45 |
| Excessive salivation | 1 |
2.2%
|
1 / 45 |
| Any muscle or bone problem | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| Any ear, nose or throat problem | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| ...with sputum | 1 |
50%
|
1 / 2 |
| Pain in mouth | 1 |
100%
|
1 / 1 |
| Runny nose | 1 |
100%
|
1 / 1 |
| Swallowing problem | 1 |
100%
|
1 / 1 |
| Difficult swallow | 1 |
100%
|
1 / 1 |
| Painful swallow | 1 |
100%
|
1 / 1 |
| Fatigue or malaise | 1 |
100%
|
1 / 1 |
| Muscle pain or aching | 1 |
100%
|
1 / 1 |
| .. duration | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 45 |
| Any neurological problems | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Any eye problem | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| ...with blood | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 24 |
| Altered level of consciousness | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 2 |
| Seizures | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 1 |
| Pain or redness in the eye | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 1 |
| Sore throat | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 1 |
| Muscle cramps | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 1 |
| Variable | Prevalence | Percentage | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tuberculosis (active) | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 71 |
| Congenital anomaly | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Chronic heart disease | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 71 |
| Chronic lung disease | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 71 |
| Chronic neurologic condition | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Chronic liver disease | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 71 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 71 |
| Diabetes | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Hematological Disorders | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| HIV | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 70 |
| Cancer | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Other immunosuppressive condition | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Variable | Prevalence | Percentage | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yellow fever | 6 |
8.3%
|
6 / 72 |
| IPV | 5 |
6.9%
|
5 / 72 |
| BCG | 5 |
6.9%
|
5 / 72 |
| Hepatitis A vaccine | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| Hepatitis B vaccine | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| Rotavirus | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| Mumps and Rubella (MMR) | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Variable | cases |
controls |
p-value 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paracetamol/acetaminophen, n (%) | 6 (8.5%) | 2 (0.8%) | 0.002 |
| Missing/Unknown | 1 | 46 | |
| Allergy medicine, n (%) | |||
| No | 72 (100%) | 231 (100%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 0 | 52 | |
| Aspirin, n (%) | |||
| No | 72 (100%) | 235 (100%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 0 | 48 | |
| Cough Medicine, n (%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.2 |
| Missing/Unknown | 1 | 48 | |
| Ibuprofen, n (%) | |||
| No | 72 (100%) | 233 (100%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 0 | 50 | |
| Antibiotics, n (%) | 39 (56%) | 2 (0.8%) | <0.001 |
| Missing/Unknown | 2 | 46 | |
| Herbal medicine/naturopathic/homeopathic medicine, n (%) | |||
| No | 70 (100%) | 237 (100%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 2 | 46 | |
| Other medications, n (%) | 4 (5.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.003 |
| Missing/Unknown | 1 | 46 | |
| 1
Fisher’s exact test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test |
|||
| Variable | cases |
controls |
p-value 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Any problem or exposure to different water prior to symptom onset, n (%) | |||
| No | 69 (100%) | 161 (100%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 3 | 122 | |
| Does the patient frequently handle or come in contact with soil or sand?, n (%) | 47 (69%) | 48 (29%) | <0.001 |
| Missing/Unknown | 4 | 115 | |
| Did the patient or household member start using any new personal care products (e.g. soaps, lotions) prior to symptom onset?, n (%) | |||
| No | 66 (100%) | 159 (100%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 6 | 124 | |
| Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside the building where you sleep (do not include yourself)?, n (%) | 2 (2.9%) | 2 (1.2%) | 0.6 |
| Missing/Unknown | 4 | 119 | |
| Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside any building where you work or spend other time?, n (%) | 5 (7.5%) | 4 (2.5%) | 0.13 |
| Missing/Unknown | 5 | 122 | |
| Access to a latrine or toilet, n (%) | 69 (100%) | 189 (93%) | 0.015 |
| Missing/Unknown | 3 | 79 | |
| Any new illnesses or infections in household members or other close contacts prior to symptom onset, n (%) | 13 (18%) | 8 (4.3%) | <0.001 |
| Missing/Unknown | 1 | 96 | |
| Attendance to in-person school or day care prior to symptom onset, n (%) | 9 (13%) | 3 (1.6%) | <0.001 |
| Missing/Unknown | 3 | 99 | |
| Any outbreaks reported by school or day care prior to symptom onset, n (%) | 3 (33%) | 1 (33%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 63 | 280 | |
| Any national or overseas trip prior to symptom onset, n (%) | |||
| No | 71 (100%) | 188 (100%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 1 | 95 | |
| Any contact with wild animals at the time of the illness, n (%) | 8 (12%) | 2 (1.1%) | <0.001 |
| Missing/Unknown | 4 | 98 | |
| Any contact with stray animals, n (%) | 5 (7.1%) | 2 (1.1%) | 0.018 |
| Missing/Unknown | 2 | 98 | |
| Any animal bite/scracth prior to symptoms onset, n (%) | 2 (2.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0.070 |
| Missing/Unknown | 4 | 96 | |
| Do you keep any animals as pets or domestic animals, n (%) | 26 (37%) | 43 (24%) | 0.035 |
| Missing/Unknown | 2 | 103 | |
| 1
Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test |
|||
| Variable | Prevalence | Percentage | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotics | 39 |
54.2%
|
39 / 72 |
| Paracetamol/acetaminophen | 6 |
8.3%
|
6 / 72 |
| Other medications | 4 |
5.6%
|
4 / 72 |
| Cough Medicine | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 72 |
| Allergy medicine | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Aspirin | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Ibuprofen | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Herbal medicine/naturopathic/homeopathic medicine | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Variable | Prevalence | Percentage | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Access to a latrine or toilet | 69 |
95.8%
|
69 / 72 |
| Does the patient frequently handle or come in contact with soil or sand? | 47 |
65.3%
|
47 / 72 |
| Do you keep any animals as pets or domestic animals | 26 |
36.1%
|
26 / 72 |
| Any new illnesses or infections in household members or other close contacts prior to symptom onset | 13 |
18.1%
|
13 / 72 |
| Attendance to in-person school or day care prior to symptom onset | 9 |
12.5%
|
9 / 72 |
| Any contact with wild animals at the time of the illness | 8 |
11.1%
|
8 / 72 |
| Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside any building where you work or spend other time? | 5 |
6.9%
|
5 / 72 |
| Any contact with stray animals | 5 |
6.9%
|
5 / 72 |
| Any outbreaks reported by school or day care prior to symptom onset | 3 |
30%
|
3 / 10 |
| Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside the building where you sleep (do not include yourself)? | 2 |
2.8%
|
2 / 72 |
| Any animal bite/scracth prior to symptoms onset | 2 |
2.8%
|
2 / 72 |
| Any problem or exposure to different water prior to symptom onset | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Did the patient or household member start using any new personal care products (e.g. soaps, lotions) prior to symptom onset? | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |
| Any national or overseas trip prior to symptom onset | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 72 |